**® ®** **Ages & Stages Questionnaires : Social-Emotional (ASQ :SE):** **A Parent-Completed, Child-Monitoring System** **for Social-Emotional Behaviors**

**®** **Articles endorsing Ages & Stages Questionnaires : Social-Emotional as an accurate, cost-** **effective, and parent-friendly instrument for screening and monitoring of social-emotional** **competence in young children:**

Abessa, T.G., Bruckers, L., Kolsteren, & Granitzer, M. (2017). Developmental performance of hospitalized severely acutely malnourished under six children in low-income setting. BMC *Pediatrics, 17, Article 197. [https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-017-0950-5*](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-017-0950-5*)

Alder, I., & Weidner, K. (2020). Impact of perinatal insomnia on social-emotional child development: Population-based, 2 year follow-up study. Behavioral Sleep Medicine,

10.1080/15402002.2020.1746661
Anunciação, L., & Portugal, A.C. (2020). A case study on strengthening the link between psychometrics, assessment, and intervention in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). In A. Singh, M. Viner, & C. Yeh (Eds.), Special education design and development tools for *school rehabilitation professionals (pp. 154-171). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.* doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-1431-3.ch008. (chapter).

Barrett-Young, A., et al. (2023). Assessment of self-regulation at school entry: A literature review of existing screening tools and suitability for the Aotearoa New Zealand context. *Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 0 10.1177/07342829231219291*

Barton, E.E., Harris, B., & Leech, N. (2016). Autism identification policies and practices in early childhood: A preliminary investigation from one state. Infants & Young Children, 29(4), 267-289. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/IYC.0000000000000076](http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/IYC.0000000000000076)

Cibralic, S., et al. (2023) Developmental screening tools for identification of children with developmental difficulties in high-income countries: a systematic review. Frontiers in *Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. [https://doi.org/10.3389/frcha.2023.1074004*](https://doi.org/10.3389/frcha.2023.1074004*)

Daniels, B., et al. (2022). Universal social, emotional, and behavioral screeners for preschool students: A systematic review. Perspectives on Early Childhood Psychology and *Education. 10.58948/2834-8257.1019*

Edenius, A., et al. (2024). Psychometric evaluation of the Swedish version of Ages and Stages Questionnaire Social-Emotional, 2 nd for parents of children 18 months of age. BMC *Psychology. [https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01996-z.*](https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01996-z.*)

Feeney-Kettler, K.A., Kratochwill, T.R., Kaiser, A.P., Hemmeter, M.L., & Kettler, R.J. (2015). Screening young children’s risk for mental health problems: A review of four measures.

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*Assessment for Effective Intervention, 35(4), 218-230.* [https://doi.org/10.1177/1534508410380557](https://doi.org/10.1177/1534508410380557)

Guidel, A., et al. (2021). Validation and cutoffs of the Spanish version of the ASQ:SE in an outpatient setting at Lima-Peru. Rev Neuropsiquiatr.84(2). 75-82.

James Bell Associates. (2009). Early Head Start/Child Welfare Services Initiative. Final synthesis *report, volume II. Compendium of grantee-specific findings.* [https://www.jbassoc.com/resource/early-head-start-child-welfare-services-initiative-final-](https://www.jbassoc.com/resource/early-head-start-child-welfare-services-initiative-final-) synthesis-report/

Landa, R.J., (2005). Assessment of social communication skills in preschoolers. Mental Retardation *and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 11(3), 247-252.* [https://doi.org/10.1002/mrdd.20079](https://doi.org/10.1002/mrdd.20079)

Marks, K.P., & LaRosa, A.C. (2012). Understanding developmental-behavioral screening measures. *Pediatrics in Review, 33(10), 448–458. [https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.33-10-448*](https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.33-10-448*)

McCrae, J.S., & Brown, S.M. (2017). Systematic review of social-emotional screening instruments for young children in child welfare. Research on Social Work Practice, 28(7), 1-22.

Pontoppidan, M., Niss, N.K., Pejtersen, J.H., Julian, M.M., & Vaever, M.S. (2017). Parent report measures of infant and toddler social-emotional development: a systematic review. Family *Practice, 34(2), 127-137. [https://doi.com/10.1093/fampra/cmx003*](https://doi.com/10.1093/fampra/cmx003*)

Ronald, A., & Gui, A. (2024). The potential and translational application of infant genetic research. Nat Genet. [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-024-01822-7](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-024-01822-7)

Russell, D., & Gleason, M.M. (2020). Starting early: promoting emotional and behavioral well- being in infant and toddler well-child care. Pediatric Annals, 47(8), 317-322. [https://doi.org/10.3928/19382359-20180703-01](https://doi.org/10.3928/19382359-20180703-01)

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (March, 2014). Birth to 5: Watch Me Thrive! A *Compendium of Screening Measures for Young Children.* [https://eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov/publication/birth-5-watch-me-thrive-compendium-screening-](https://eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov/publication/birth-5-watch-me-thrive-compendium-screening-) measures-young-children Vacca, J.J. (2005). Review of the Ages and Stages Questionnaires: Social-Emotional. In B.S. Plake & J.C. Impara (Eds.), The sixteenth mental measurements yearbook. Buros Institute of Mental Measurements.
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## Research studies on use of ASQ:SE:

Agarwal, P., Xie, H., et al. (2024). Exploring the validity of the ASQ-SE for socio-emotional competency screening of a low-risk population. Early Human Development, 190, 105051. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2024.105951](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2024.105951)

Allen, S., Berry, A., Brewster, J., Chalasani, R., & Mack, P. (2010). Enhancing developmentally oriented primary care: An Illinois initiative to increase developmental screening in medical homes. Pediatrics, 126, Supplement 3, S160-S164. [https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-](https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-) 1466k

Alger, J., et al. (2023). Neurodevelopmental assessment of normocephalic children born to Zika virus exposed and unexposed pregnant people. Pediatr Res. https:/doi.org/10.1038/s41390-023-02951-1.

Anis, L., Letourneau, N., Benzies, K., Ewashen, C., & Hart, M. J. (2020). Effect of the attachment and child health parent training program on parent-child interaction quality and child development. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0844562119899004](https://doi.org/10.1177/0844562119899004)

Anunciação, L., Chen, C.Y., Pereira, D.A., & Landiera-Fernandez, J. (2020). Factor structure of a social-emotional screening instrument for preschool children. Psico USF, 24(3), 449-461. [https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712019240304](https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712019240304)

Anunciação, L., Squires, J., Landeira-Fernandez, J., & Singh, A. (2022). Exploratory analysis of the internal structure of a test through multi-methods exploratory approach: ASQ:SE. *Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice, 13(2), 186-195. [https://doi.org/10.1055/s-*](https://doi.org/10.1055/s-*) 0041-1741503

Anunciação, L, Squires, J., Clifford, J., & Landeira-Fernandez, J. (2019). Confirmatory analysis and normative tables for the Brazilian Ages and Stages Questionnaires: Social-Emotional. *Child Care Health Development, 45(3), 387-393. [https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12649*](https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12649*)

Anunciação, L., Squires, J., & Landiera-Fernadez, J. (2018). A longitudinal study of child development in children enrolled in Brazilian public daycare centers. Global Journal of *Educational Studies, 4(1), 31-42. [http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/gjes.v4i1.12555*](http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/gjes.v4i1.12555*)

Anunciação, L., Chen, C., Squires, J., & Landiera-Fernadez, J. (2018). Screening for social and emotional delays in young children who live in poverty: A Brazilian example. Journal of *Childhood & Developmental Disorders, 4(2). [https://doi.org/10.4172/2472-1786.100068*](https://doi.org/10.4172/2472-1786.100068*)

Anunciação, L., Cito, L., Pessoa, L. Squires, J., Murphy, K., & Landeira-Fernandez, J. (2023). Lack of voluntary interest and difficulty making eye contact are the most discriminate behaviors of the ASQ:SE and might suggest delays: Results from a large-scale assessment. *Applied Neuropsychology. [https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2022.2156795*](https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2022.2156795*)

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Archer-Kuhn, B., et al. (2023). Survey of mothers’ experiences of shared parenting and domestic violence. Family Court Review, 10.111.fcre.12715

Arumugam, C. T., Said, M.A., & Farid, N.D.N. (2022). Screen time influence on early childhood social-emotional development. Health Problems of Civilization, 16(3), 190-198. [https://doi.org/10.5114/hpc.2022.118754](https://doi.org/10.5114/hpc.2022.118754)

Ashish, K., & Chen, C., Yang, Y., & Zhou, H. (2020). Social-emotional challenges and development of children left behind by migrant mothers. Journal of Global Health, Vol. 10, No. 1, 010806.

Baggett, K.M., Warlen, L., Hamilton, J.L., Roberts, J.L., & Staker, M. (2007). Screening infant mental health indicators: An early head start initiative. Infants & Young Children, *20(4), 300–310. [https://doi.org/10.1097/01.IYC.0000290353.39793.ba*](https://doi.org/10.1097/01.IYC.0000290353.39793.ba*)

Baptista, J., Silva, J. R., Marques, S., Martins, C., & Soares, I. (2018). Early maltreatment and current quality of relational care predict socialemotional problems among institutionalized infants and toddlers. Infant Mental Health Journal, 39(6), 718-729. [https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21741](https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21741)

Baumgartner, J.N., Ali, M., Gallis, J.A., Lillie, M., Owusu, R., Abubakr-Bibilazu, S., Adam, H., Aborigo, R., McEwan, E., Zhou, Y., Kim, E. T., Mackness, J., Williams, J.K.A., & Hembling, J. (2021). Effect of a lay counselor-delivered integrated maternal mental health and early childhood development group-based intervention in No Ghana: cluster- randomized controlled trial. Global Mental Health, 8, Article e18. [https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2021.15](https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2021.15)

Beeber, L.S., Holditch-Davis, D., Perreira, K., Schwartz, T.A., Lewis, V., Blanchard, H., Canuso, R., & Goldman, B.D. (2010). Short-term, in-home intervention reduces depressive symptoms in Early Head Start Latina mothers of infants and toddlers. Research in Nursing *and Health, 33(1), 60–76. [https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20363*](https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20363*)

Bernal, R., Attanasio, O., Pena, X., & Vera-Hernandez, M. (2019). Effects of transition from home-based childcare to childcare centers on children’s health and development in Columbia. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 47, 418-431. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.08.005](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.08.005)

Bian, X., Xie, H., Squires, J., & Chen, C. Y. (2017). Adapting a parent-completed socioemotional questionnaire in China: The Ages & Stages Questionnaires: Social- Emotional. Infant Mental Health Journal, 38(2). 258-266. [https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21626](https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21626)

Bleker, L.S., Milgrom, J.W., Gemmill, A.W., Roseboom, T.J., & De Rooij, S.R. (2019). A 7- year follow-up of antenatal depression treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy: A case report of maternal and child outcomes. SAGE Open Medical Case Reports, 7. [https://doi.org/10.1177/2050313X19841463](https://doi.org/10.1177/2050313X19841463)

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Bricker, D., Shoen Davis, M., & Squires, J. (2004). Mental health screening in young children. *Infants & Young Children, 17(2), 129–144.* [https://journals.lww.com/iycjournal/Abstract/2004/04000/Mental_Health_Screening_in_Youn](https://journals.lww.com/iycjournal/Abstract/2004/04000/Mental_Health_Screening_in_Youn) g_Children.5.aspx

Briggs, R.D., Stettler, E.M., Silver, E.J., Schrag, R.D.A., Nayak, M., Chinitz, S., & Racine, A.D. (2012). Social-emotional screening for infants and toddlers in primary care. Pediatrics, *129(2), Article e377. [https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-2211*](https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-2211*)

Brown, C.M., Copeland, K.A., Sucharew, H., & Kahn, R.S. (2012). Social-emotional problems in preschool-aged children: Opportunities for prevention and early intervention. Archives of *Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 166(10), 926-932.* [https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.793](https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.793)

Cakmak, M., Gollu, G., Ates, U., Ergun, E., Khanmammadov, F., Sozduyar, S., Telli, O., Kose,

K., Dilsiz, H., Cakmak, A., Kapci, E.G., Kucker, S., Oner, O., Bingol-Kologlu, M., Yagmurlu, A., & Uslu, R.I. (2021). Hypospadias and use of Ages and Stages Questionnaires to evaluation neurodevelopmental status of boys with hypospadias. *European Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 32(03), 274-279. [https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-*](https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-*) 1723993
Castellanos-Páez, V., González, D. & Montañez-Reyes, L. (2022). Sensitivity and specificity of “Ages and Stages Questionnaires: Social-emotional” (ASQ: SE-2) in a Colombian population Tesis Psicológica, 17(2), 1-21. [https://doi.org/10.37511/tesis.v17n2a7](https://doi.org/10.37511/tesis.v17n2a7)

Chang, R., et al. (2023). Associations of father absence and limited access to books and toys with early childhood development among children ages 0-6 in a rural county lifted out of poverty in China. Child: Care, Health and Development. [https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.13145](https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.13145)

Chang, R., Li, C., et al. (2023). Roles of caregiver-child interaction on the association of socioeconomic status with early childhood development among children aged 0-6 in a rural county in Central China. Research Square. Doi.org/10.21.203/rs.3.rs-3715242/v1

Chen, C., et al. (2023). Developmental and social-emotional screening: What tests can tell us. *Infants & Young Children, 36 (4), 285-295.*

Chen, C., Chen, C-I., Xie, H., & Squires, J. (2018). Using differential item functioning to examine the gender difference in social-emotional competence of infants and young children. Bulletin in Early Intervention: 1(1), 1-22.

Chen, C.Y., Chen, C.I., Squires, J., Bian, X., Heo, K. H., Filgueiras, A., Kalinina, S., Samarina,

L., Ermolaeva, E., Xie, H., Yu, T. Y., Wu, P. F., & Landeria-Fernandez, J. (2017). Adapting a developmental screening measure: Exploring the effects of language and
Copyright © 2025 Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. All rights reserved. www.agesandstages.com culture on a parent-completed social-emotional screening test. Infants and Young Children, *30(2), 111–123. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/IYC.0000000000000089*](http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/IYC.0000000000000089*)

Chen, C. Y., Filgueiras, A., Squires, J., & Landeira-Fernandez, J. (2016). Examining the factor structure of an early childhood social emotional screening assessment. Journal of Special *Education and Rehabilitation, 17(3-4), 89–104. [http://dx.doi.org/10.19057/jser.2016.12*](http://dx.doi.org/10.19057/jser.2016.12*)

Chen, C. Y., Squires, J., Chen, C. I., Wu, R., & Xie, H. The adaptation and psychometric examination of a social-emotional developmental screening tool in Taiwan. Early *Education and Development, 31, 27-46. [https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2019.1611126*](https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2019.1611126*)

Chen, C., Squires, J., Heo, K., Bian, X., Chen, C. I., Filgueiras, A., Xie, H., Murphy, K, Dolata,

J., & Landeria-Fernandez, J. (2015). Cross cultural gender differences in social-emotional competence of young children: Comparisons with Brazil, China, South Korea, and the United States. Mental Health in Family Medicine, 11(2), 59–68. DOI:10.25149/1756-
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Chen, C.Y., Xie, H., Filgueiras, A., Squires, J., Anunciação, L., & Landeria-Fernandez, J. (2017). Examining the psychometric properties of the Brazilian Ages & Stages Questionnaires-Social-Emotional: Use in public child daycare centers in Brazil. Journal of *Child and Family Studies, 26(9), 2412–2425. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0770-0*](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0770-0*)

Cibralic, S., Hawker, P., et al. (2022). Developmental screening tools used with First Nations populations: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and *Public Health, 19, 15627.*

Coelho, L.A., Amatto, A.N., Gonzalez, C.L.R., & Gibb, R.L. (2020). Building executive function in pre-school children through play: a curriculum. International Journal of Play, *9(1), 128-142. [https://doi.org/10.1080/21594937.2020.1720127*](https://doi.org/10.1080/21594937.2020.1720127*)

Costa, B., White, P., Kiff, J. D., Davies, A., & Stock, N.M. (2022). Parent-reported socioemotional and cognitive development of children with a cleft lip and/or palate at 18 months: Findings from a UK birth cohort. Child Care Health Development, 47(1), 31-39. [https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12813](https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12813)

Egmos, I., et al., (2024). Do parents agree about their children’s social emotional adjustment? *Infant Mental Health Journal, 46, (2) 148-159. [https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.22150.*](https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.22150.*)

Eurenius, E., Sundberg, L.R., Vaezghasemi, M., Silfverdal, S.A., Ivarsson, A., & Lindkvist, M. (2018). Social-emotional problems among three-year-olds differ based on child’s gender and custody arrangement. Acta Paediatrica, 108(6), 1087-1095. [https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.14668](https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.14668)

Fourdain, Sl., Caron-Desrochers, L., Simard, M. N., Provost, S., Doussau, A., Gagnon, K., Dagenais, L., Presutto, E., Prud’homme, J., Boudreault-Trudeau, A., Constantin, I. M., Desnous, B., Poirier, N., & Gallagher, A. (2020). Impacts of an interdisciplinary

Copyright © 2025 Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. All rights reserved. www.agesandstages.com developmental follow-up program on Neurodevelopment in congenital heart disease: CINC Study. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 8, Article 539451. [https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.539451](https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.539451)

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Gordo, L., Martinez-Pampliega, A., Elejalde, L.I., & Luyten, P. (2020). Do parental reflective functioning and parental competence affect the social emotional adjustment of children? *Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 3621-3631. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-*](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-*) 01840-z

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Gou, H., & Perceval, G. (2023). Does digital media use increase risk of social-emotional delay for Chinese preschoolers? Journal of Children and Media, 17(1), 1–16. [https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2022.2118141](https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2022.2118141)

Gou, H., & Yang, Y. (2024). The relationship between video games and social–emotional delay in Chinese rural preschoolers: A comparison of five types of media video games and social–emotional delay. Child: Care, Health and Development, 50(4), e13288. [https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.13288](https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.13288)

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Haskett, M.E., Montgomery Armstrong, J., & Tisdale, J. (2016). Developmental status and social-emotional functioning of young children experiencing homelessness. Early *Childhood Education Journal, 44, 119-125. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-015-0691-8*](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-015-0691-8*)

Heo, K.H., & Squires, J. (2012). Adaptation of a parent-completed social emotional screening instrument for young children: Ages and Stages Questionnaires-Social Emotional. Early *Human Development, 88(3), 151–158. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.07.019*](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.07.019*)

Hillen, T., Gafson, L., Drage, L., & Conlan, L.M. (2012). Assessing the prevalence of mental health disorders and mental health needs among preschool children in care in England. *Infant Mental Health Journal, 33(4), 411-420. [https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21327*](https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21327*)

Holt, C., Gentilleau, C., Gemmill, A.W., & Milgrom, J. (2021). Improving the mother-infant relationship following postnatal depression: a randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention (HUGS). Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 24(6), 910-923. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-021-01116-5](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-021-01116-5)

Hu, S., Li, L., et al. (2025). Effects of allergic diseases on social-emotional development 12 months of age: A prospective cohort study. J. Clin. Med. 14(2), 586; [https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14020586](https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14020586).

Hur, E.H., Buettner, C.K., & Jeon, L. (2015). Parental depressive symptoms and children’s school-readiness: The indirect effect of household chaos. Journal of Child and Family *Studies, 24(11), 3462-3473. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0147-1*](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0147-1*)

Jackson, R., et al. (2024). Association of antenatal or neonatal SARS-COV-2 exposure with developmental and respiratory outcomes, and healthcare usage in early childhood: a national prospective cohort study. eClinicalMedicine,72: 102628

Jee, S.H., Conn, A.M., Szilagyi, P.G., Blumkin, A., Baldwin, C.D., & Szilagyi, M.A. (2010). Identification of social-emotional problems among young children in foster care. Journal of *Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(12), 1351–1358. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-*](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-*)

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